Image A, above, is a photograph of a dining room that has been properly exposed for the space.  But the room looks like a fun house.  The further from the camera, the smaller the room gets.  This is how the camera perceives the space.  But we humans have brains that tell us, this isn't right, this just seems off.  Because it is.  The house isn't any smaller, so an adjustment is needed in post to fix the perception of the room.  This adjustment varies based on the lens and camera used.  It's not a blanket fix for all photographs. 

 

Also, the light from the windows is blowing out the data captured for that area of the photograph.  That is because I exposed the room for the interior, not exterior.  Once again, however, our brains tell us, this isn't right.  When I am standing in this room, I am not blinded by this crazy light coming in the windows.  My eyes can adjust instantaneously to see both indoors and outdoors.  Like when you first come inside from outside, your eyes adjust.  The problem is the camera has to be told to adjust.  That is where HDR or High Dynamic Range Photography comes in.  

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So what is High Dynamic Range?  It's simple, its an image that has been compiled from several images that results in a photograph that will be as close as possible, lighting wise, to what the human eye perceives.  How do photographers accomplish this?  There are several methods, but the most accepted method is by varying exposure compensation.  In the below images you will see I took 7 images to get my final result.  Starting with my exposure compensation +3, then +2, etc...  When I got to -3, I check my images to see if I liked what I could see out of the windows.  Did I have enough data to get a true view of what I am seeing?  In my opinion I did not so I took an additional 2 stops to get the view out of the window that I desired.  This resulted in a total of 9 pictures for one view.